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Ok, so they have a supplemental file with info regarding their "smoothie". This still doesn't say much though, I would like to know how they got to this profile. EN uses hydrolysis of starch to create glucose syrup for example, they're pretty specific methods. "Carbohydrates" doesn't tell me...

Regarding the immune response in the small intestine. The small intestine has defense mechanics against pathogens, that are not seen anywhere else in the body. Peyer's patches and Paneth cells are distinct and defining features of the small intestine. In the ileum, the sheer number of immune...

It is a primary immunodeficiency of macrophages. It's inherited. Best comparable to chronic granulomatous disease. Crohn's disease onset is caused by an environmental factor, and inflammation is maintained by an environmental factor we don't fully understand (EN causes remission, rare cases...

This study was brought up before in a thread. Posting it as reference. 1654×2174 314 kB 1654×2174 405 kB 115×150 jpg 27,1 kB

First, Marcel Behr is a lovely person. TNF-a blockers and IL-23/IL-12 blockers are the only two immunomodulators that have shown consistent results, they can dampen inflammation. TNF-a blockers in particular, have shown they can also close fistula in some cases. People don't want to hear...

FC tells you very little diagnostically. It tells you there is high intestinal inflammation in your case. This could be from crohn's disease, or a whole host of other reasons, including foodborne infections. Very unlikely that it is just from taking NSAID. Until a colonoscopy with a biopsy...

People with crohn's disease sometimes have Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms. Adequate vitamin D is important for crohn's disease patients, this has been shown in many studies (be always careful you only take what is recommended, vitamin D is fat soluble and excess tends to be stored and...

Stimulating innate immune function in crohn's disease patients has been mostly done with growth factors, cytokine that stimulate the growth of certain cells. M-CSF, Macrophage colony-stimulating factor, has been tried in both chronic granulomatous disease and in crohn's disease, to try to...

Genetic variants associated with crohn's disease are incredibly common in the human populace. The most common genetic variant that is most closely associated with Crohn's disease is NOD2, one of the receptors involved in recognition of intracellular pathogens, including sensing of mycobateria...

I can't read all articles, but regarding any treatment mentioned in the articles. Changing how macrophages function is not what current treatment does, and suggestions that macrophages themselves, or genetic pathways need to be treated is dangerous talk. The "relative" safety of TNF-a blockers...

That we were able to associate thse specific NOD2 and ATGL16L variants to crohn's disease shouldn't make one feel helpless, it is a very positive thing no. It greatly narrows down research. It tells us we're dealing with pathogens that exploit innate immmune function, we have chronically...

Genetic variants, "genetic defects" is a bit too harsh I feel. These NOD2 and ATG16L1 variants specific to crohn's disease (not UC), confer a certain disease risk. But they likely served a function in the past. Mice with Crohn's disease NOD2 variants survive when challenged with certain...

Changes in metabolites after treatment with EN are increasingly well documented. Large alterations in concentrations of SCFAs , bile acids , butyric acids, and sulfide. But just because we see changes in bacterial metabolites concentrations, doesn't have to mean these are due to changes in...

The acceptance that the microbiome is often very detrimental and can lead to disease is slow, it requires admitting that a lot of research was very wrong. When broad spectrum antibiotics cause large changes in the microbiome-mycobiome relationship, we somehow only put the blame on the...

All this data doesn't agree that there is such a thing as a healthy microbiome. High bacterial and fungal load, bacterial metabolites, Butyrate, SCFAs, the dietary consumption of fiber and fermenation, are all detrimental to crohn's disease patients and leads to inflammation. Even in the colon...

The ability of exclusive EN to decrease inflammation is astounding. No treatment comes even remotely close to the effectiveness of EN. 1447×798 234,2 kB

Bacterial metabolites like butyrate are not protective against intestinal inflammation, neither in CD nor in UC, and just like unfermented b-fructan and prebiotic fibers, they have shown to cause harm by exacerbating inflammation. Neither fecal transplants, probiotics, nor fiber intake, are...

I wrote this in 2019. Now we have some proof to substantiate this. Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease With Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Diminishes the Immunostimulatory Potential of Fecal Microbial Products 2024 Jul School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow...

Enterococcus, a genus of lactic acid bacteria. Often regarded as a harmless commensal. It became popular by the food industry for its use as a starter culture. It easily found its way into probiotics for both animal and human consumption. A bacteria that very recently became increasingly...

Above normal calprotectin (>200) is generally indicative of crohn's disease inflammation in crohn's disease patients. But it's not without its flaws. A calprotectin test measures a protein which shows neutrophils have migrated into intestinal tissue. In crohn's disease patients that usually...